Flow Resistance in Culverts

Various formulae for head losses in pipes are recognised in theory. Hydraulic engineers favour two of them:

The Manning Equation

The advantage of this formula is that it is easy to implement.

The D'Arcy-Weisbach Formulation

The head loss due to pipe resistance is related to the flow through the pipe.

The Colebrook-White Friction Factor

The most suitable formulation for the friction factor required by the D'Arcy-Weisbach equation is generally regarded as being the Colebrook-White equation. This equation provides an implicit definition for the friction factor.

The D'Arcy-Weisbach formula, with friction coefficient calculated from the Colebrook-White equation, is accurate for any pipe diameter or fluid velocity.